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  1.  More on the project can be found at: https://runaki.gov.krd/en/
    2. 

  2.  Iraq Oil Report and Heuvelen, B.V. (2021) $4+ billion debt compounds Kurdistan’s electricity challenges, Iraq Oil Report. https://www.iraqoilreport.com/news/4-billion-debt-compounds-kurdistans-electricity-challenges-44277/
    3. 

  3.  Quoted in a statement by the KRG minister of natural resources. See: Hussein, Soran (2025). The Minister of Natural Resources: In the United States, we canceled a number of contracts whose total value exceeds 100 billion dollars, Rudaw (May 19). https://www.rudaw.net/sorani/world/1905202512
    4. 

  4.  Soran,  The Minister of Natural Resources
    5. 

  5.  Soran,  The Minister of Natural Resources
    6. 

  6. International Monetary Fund. “Iraq: Concluding Statement of the 2025 IMF Article IV Mission.” May 15, 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/05/15/mcs-iraq-concluding-statement-of-the-2025-imf-article-iv-mission.
    7. 

  7. “Harmful Substances Emitted By Diesel Generator Sets.” Diesel Generator Tech, November 16, 2021. https://www.dieselgeneratortech.com/generator-sets/harmful-substances-emitted-by-diesel-generator-sets.html.
    8. 

  8. The government data is partially available in this link: https://govkrd.b-cdn.net/Ministries/Ministry%20of%20Electricity/Kurdish/بڵاوکراوەکان/کار%20و%20چالاکییەکان/کار%20و%20چالاکی%20وەزارەتی%20کارەبا%20لە%20کابینەی%20نۆیەم.pdf; The video of the press conference is in this link. https://www.rudaw.net/sorani/world/1905202512; and Rasul, Azhi. “KRG Electricity Generation Still Far Outstripped by Demand.” Rudaw, September 9, 2023. https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/090920231.
    9. 

  9. The formal website of Runaki Project: https://runaki.gov.krd/?fbclid=IwY2xjawLXlKlleHRuA2FlbQIxMABicmlkETEyRDFZSTRwRDg2cjlPS2R1AR6UErobTGN-dn17NrFj_zsWmc3-p98grhrIPtvferuE3sL28qCRaoo2abVaJA_aem_eBIzY9NBAzCy8IUyRSgtBQ  
    10. 

  10. The updated data is taken from the formal Facebook Page of KRG’s Runaki Project at this link https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=122178230726444408&set=a.122162383076444408 and Kurdistan Region Statistics Office. Electric Generators Survey in the Private Sector in Kurdistan Region 2021. Industry Statistics Department. Erbil: Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, January 2024. https://krso.gov.krd/content/upload/1/root/mulidat-en.pdf.
    11. 

  11.  Kurdistan Regional Government. “KRG Announces New Electricity Tariffs under Project Runaki.” Ministry of Electricity, May 16, 2025. https://gov.krd/moel-en/activities/news-and-press-releases/2025/may/krg-announces-new-electricity-tariffs-under-project-runaki/.
    12. 

  12.  Kurdistan Regional Government. “KRG Announces New Electricity Tariffs under Project Runaki.” Ministry of Electricity, May 16, 2025. https://gov.krd/moel-en/activities/news-and-press-releases/2025/may/krg-announces-new-electricity-tariffs-under-project-runaki/.
    13. 

  13. Interview with Adnan Said Hussein, Sulaymaniyah, July , 2025.
    14. 

  14. Interview with Yerivan Shaswar ,  Sulaymaniyah , June 21, 2025.
    15. 

  15.  Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, Electric Generators Survey. Page27.
    16. 

  16. Instagrid. “Choose Clean Energy – Calculate Your Emission Savings.” Instagrid, November 16, 2021. https://instagrid.co/blog/choose-clean-energy-calculate-your-emission-savings.
    17. 

  17. Planète Énergies. “Electricity Generation and Related CO₂ Emissions.” Planète Énergies, February 12, 2016. https://www.planete-energies.com/en/media/article/electricity-generation-and-related-co2-emissions.
    18. 

  18. Interview with Yarivan Saied, an environmental researcher who has worked on the air-pollution in KRI, Sulaymaniah,  May 2025.
    19. 

  19. Shekh Anwar, director of Sulaymaniah Electricity. Statement at a roundtable organized by the Institute of Regional and International Studies, hosted by the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani, May 28, 2025.
    20. 

  20. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, Electric Generators Survey . Page9.
    21. 

  21. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, Electric Generators Survey 
    22. 

  22. Interview with Othman Mohammed, head of Union of Generator-Owners, Sulaymaniah, June 2025.
    23. 

  23. Kullab, Samya, and Iraq Oil Report Staff. “Iraq Pushes Electricity Reform, Prompting Protests.” Iraq Oil Report, January 18, 2018. https://www.iraqoilreport.com/news/iraq-pushes-electricity-reform-prompting-protests-27379/.
    24. 

  24. “Private Generator Owners Protest New 24-Hour Electricity Project, Fear Job Losses.” 964media, October 28, 2024. https://en.964media.com/26875/.
    25. 

  25. Kurdistan Region Statistics Office, Electric Generators Survey . Page27.
    26. 

  26. Phone interview with Ako Essa, July 2025.
    27. 

  27. Interview with Shekh Anwar, Director of general Directorate of Sulaymaniah Electricity, in Sulaymaniah, July 2025.
    28. 

  28. Interview with Sherwan Hassan Hama, owner of one of the generators that have been shut down since March 2025. Sulaymaniyah, July 2025.
    29. 

  29. Interview with Shamal Karim, casual construction worker from the village of Zalarash, works in Sulaymaniah. Sulaymaniyah, June 2025.
    30.