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  1. U.S. Department of Energy.  “How Is Electricity Measured?” Energy.gov, 14 July 2008, updated 22 Oct. 2013, https://www.ucs.org/resources/how-electricity-measured
    2. 

  2.  Eurostat.” Statistics Explained”, Glossary: Terawatt hours (TWh).https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Terawatt_hours_(TWh)
    3. 

  3.  U.S. Department of Energy, How Is Electricity Measured?
    4. 

  4.  International Energy Agency. Iraq’s Energy Sector: A Roadmap to a Brighter Future:. Apr. 2019, https://www.iea.org/reports/a-roadmap-to-a-brighter-future-iraqs-energy-sector
    5. 

  5.  International Monetary Fund. The Fiscal Cost of Iraq’s Electricity Sector and Potential Gains from Reform. Middle East and Central Asia Dept. February 3, 2023. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/002/2023/076/article-A002-en.xml
    6. 

  6.  International Energy Agency. Iraq’s Energy Sector  
    7. 

  7.  International Monetary Fund. The Fiscal Cost of Iraq’s Electricity Sector and Potential Gains from Reform
    8. 

  8. Eurostat . "Glossary: Kilowatt Hours (KWh).".  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Kilowatt_hours_(KWh)
    9. 

  9. Clingendael. Misery Loves Company: Iraq and Iran's Electricity and Gas Dependencies. May 1, 2025. https://www.clingendael.org/publication/misery-loves-company-iraq-and-irans-electricity-and-gas-dependencies
    10. 

  10.  Tabaqchali, Ahmed. Big Bad Wolf, or Is It? Iran’s Economic Footprint in Iraq in Context. LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series, no. 96, 2025, LSE Middle East Centre, London, UK. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/127124/
    11. 

  11. Iraq Oil Report. Iraq Poised to Start Power Imports from Jordan. March 8, 2024. https://www.iraqoilreport.com/news/iraq-poised-to-start-power-imports-from-jordan-46308/
    12. 

  12. Amr Salem, ‘Iraq to Complete Electrical Interconnection with Kuwait in Late 2024’, IraqiNews. com, 17 March 2024. https://www.iraqinews.com/iraq/iraq-to-complete-electrical-interconnection-with-gulf-states-by-the-end-of-2024/ Iraq Oil Report. Iraq Poised to Start Power Imports from Jordan
    13. 

  13. Iraq Oil Report. Iraq Poised to Start Power Imports from Jordan
    14. 

  14. Iraq Oil Report. Iraq Poised to Start Power Imports from Jordan
    15. 

  15. Shokri, Umud. Strengthening Energy Security: The GCC-Iraq Electrical Interconnection Project. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) July 24, 2023. https://gulfif.org/strengthening-energy-security-the-gcc-iraq-electrical-interconnection-project/
    16. 

  16. International Monetary Fund, The Fiscal Cost of Iraq’s Electricity Sector and Potential Gains from Reform 
    17. 

  17. Al-Aqily, Ali. "Q&A: Ali Salman Majeed, Deputy Director General of South Gas Company." Iraq Oil Report, https://www.iraqoilreport.com/news/qa-ali-salman-majeed-deputy-director-general-of-south-gas-company-46737/
    18. 

  18. Dourian, Kate. "Iraq Announces 6th Bid Round, Offering 11 Gas Blocks." Iraq Oil Report, June 18, 2023. https://www.iraqoilreport.com/news/iraq-announces-6th-bid-round-offering-11-gas-blocks-45805/
    19. 

  19. Tabaqchali, Ahmed. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq’s Gas-Export Potential: Deja Vu All Over Again. Atlantic Council, Nov. 2022, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/The-Kurdistan-Region-of-Iraqs-Gas-Export-Potential-Deja-Vu-All-Over-Again.pdf.
    20. 

  20. Ahmed, Big Bad Wolf, or Is It?
    21. 

  21. Afanasiev, Vladimir. "Turkmenistan Signs Iraq Gas Supply Agreement." Upstream Online. October, 2024. https://www.upstreamonline.com/energy-security/turkmenistan-signs-iraq-gas-supply-agreement/2-1-1728059
    22. 

  22. Saadi, Dania. "Iraq May Import Qatari Gas in 15 Months if Talks, Infrastructure Finalized." S&P Global Commodity Insights, Feb. 2022, https://www.spglobal.com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/latest-news/natural-gas/021022-iraq-may-import-qatari-gas-in-15-months-if-talks-infrastructure-finalized
    23. 

  23. International Monetary Fund. The Fiscal Cost of Iraq’s Electricity Sector and Potential Gains from Reform
    24. 

  24. Jowett, Patrick. “TotalEnergies starts building 1 GW solar plant in southern Iraq.”pv magazine, July, 2025. https://www.pv-magazine.com/2025/07/29/work-underway-on-1-gw-of-solar-in-iraq/
    25. 

  25. International Monetary Fund. The Fiscal Cost of Iraq’s Electricity Sector and Potential Gains from Reform
    26. 

  26. Tabaqchali, Ahmed. “Missed opportunities for economic reform”, part of “Iraq 20 years on: Insider reflections on the war and its aftermath”. Chatham House, May 2023. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/03/iraq-20-years-insider-reflections-war-and-its-aftermath/missed-opportunities-economic
    27.